Why Florida state worker pensions are in a pickle

This fall, Florida's top pension plan investment manager is singing the praises of his fund that managed to wring out a feeble 0.61% return on investments this fiscal year.

“The positive net returns show the value of diversification, our success in controlling costs, and the prudence and patience of sticking to the fund's long-term investment plan in a challenging year,” said Ash Williams, executive director of the State Board of Administration, which manages investments for the Florida Retirement System.

It's nice that he wants to be so cheerful, but there is a problem with the positivity. It's based on an idea that the goal is to simply get returns greater than 0% each year. But pension systems need to do more than just avoid losing money. For the Florida Retirement System, the goal is to get returns greater than 7.65%.

There is nothing particularly special about a pension plan's return being above a threshold of 0%, or avoiding a negative sign getting attached the annual rate of return figure. Like all defined benefit plans, FRS has an assumed rate of return that is used in calculating how much should be contributed to the plan each year. That assumed rate is the average return the plan expects to get over the long-term — a 20-year to 30-year time horizon. For FRS to average at least 7.65%, the plan has to have a number of years with returns above that benchmark to make up for the years where returns underperform a 7.65% threshold.

In this context — needing to hit an average of 7.65% for long-term solvency — the year's investment returns simply being in positive territory isn't important.
Whether a return is negative 1%, 0% or 1% in any given year isn't all that different for the long-term average. If FRS had reported a return of negative 0.61% it wouldn't have made much of a difference for the plan's long-term goal of a 7.65% return relative to a 0.61% return.

Yet, nowhere in Williams's last presentation to Gov. Rick Scott and his cabinet was this emphasized. In fact, it framed the 0.61% return as one that “keeps
alive a streak” of positive investment gains for the seventh straight year in a row.

This is an utterly meaningless “streak.”

If we want to look at the streaks for FRS, the point of measurement should be the number of years it has returned above or below 7.65%. The chart above on the right shows a 40-year history of FRS investment return data to look for such streaks.

Looking at the past four decades, the FRS rate of return has surpassed the 7.65% assumed return 24 times. And within that context, the longest “streak” of gains above the targeted rate is six years — back in in the mid-1990s. I'm not exactly sure how meaningful such streaks are, but if anyone wants to sing praises about a streak, this would be the kind to think about.

What we are sure about is that even these streaks don't tell us much about the future.

Today's markets are not like the 1990s. In fact, the trend in large gains is getting smaller over time. There have been only eight years with returns above the targeted rate in the past 15 years, and only five good years in the past 10. The smaller “streaks” of strong investment returns reflects the change in markets, and the new normal in what are reasonable expectations for investments returns.

The 20-year average rate of return for FRS is 7.3%, but the 10-year average is 5.9% reflecting the lower returns available in modern markets. Theoretically any 10-year snapshot could be cherry picked to show a good or bad average return, but the reality is for FRS to have a 20-year average return of 7.65% by 2026 — i.e. get the 20-year average up to the assumed return over the next decade — the Florida pension fund needs to average a return of at least 9.5% for the next 10 years.

And that is going to take a lot of big investment years. Just cruising over a 0% threshold isn't going to cut it.

Unfortunately for pension plans with assumed rates of return over 6% (which is nearly all of them across the United States), yields on equities and bonds are forecast to be considerably lower over the next few decades relative to the past. For example, according to McKinsey & Co.'s most recent forecast, returns on U.S. equities are likely going to be 20% to 50% lower over the next 20 years than the last 30.

In his report to the Florida governor, Williams did accurately note that with recent market trends “it's a very different world.” However, because it is so different than the era when a pension plan could just invest mostly in bonds and get an average return of around 8%, it is inappropriate to describe 0.61% returns for a fund with a 7.65% targeted return rate as a “success.”

Two straight years, with returns below the targeted average — and three of the past five — should be taken as a warning sign that Florida, California, and all states with defined benefit or cash balance pension plans need to do something different. At a minimum, pension plans should consider lowering their expectations and risk exposure, adopt lower assumed rates of return, and ensure they are making the necessary contributions to fund the pension obligations being placed on the shoulders of taxpayers.

By Adrian Moore and Anthony Randazzo | contributors

Adrian Moore is vice president of the Reason Foundation and lives in Sarasota. Anthony Randazzo is managing director of Reason's Pension Integrity Project.